Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the penne according to package instructions until al dente. Reserve 1/2 cup of pasta water, then drain the rest.
Butterfly each chicken breast into 4 thinner pieces. Season with salt and pepper. Heat a skillet over medium-high heat with olive oil and 1 tablespoon of butter.
Once melted, add the chicken to the skillet and cook undisturbed for 4 to 5 minutes until golden. Flip and cook for another 3 to 4 minutes until the internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C). Remove and let rest.
In the same skillet, reduce heat to medium and add the remaining tablespoon of butter. Add the whole garlic cloves and sauté for 2 to 3 minutes until golden.
Add the chopped rosemary and toast for 30 seconds. Pour in the chicken broth and scrape the browned bits from the pan. Stir in the warmed cream and bring to a gentle simmer.
Let the sauce reduce for about 4 minutes while slicing the chicken into strips. Add the chicken back into the sauce and let it simmer for 5 minutes.
Add the cooked pasta to the skillet and toss to coat. If the sauce is too thick, add reserved pasta water gradually until desired consistency is reached.
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Notes
Store leftovers in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. Reheat gently on the stove with a splash of cream or milk.